South Korea’s main opposition party on Wednesday urged President Yoon Suk Yeol to resign immediately or face impeachment, hours after Yoon ended short-lived martial law that prompted troops to encircle parliament before lawmakers voted to lift it.
Yoon didn’t make any immediate public response to the opposition’s demand. But his office said his senior presidential advisers and secretaries offered to resign collectively, and the president also put off his official Wednesday morning schedule.
In the capital, tourists and residents walked around, traffic and construction were heard, and other than crowds of police holding shields, it seemed like a normal sunny, cold December morning.
On Tuesday night, Yoon abruptly imposed the emergency martial law, vowing to eliminate “anti-state” forces after he struggled to push forward his agenda in the opposition-dominated parliament. But his martial law was effective for only about six hours, as the National Assembly voted to overrule the president. The declaration was formally lifted at about 4:30 a.m. local time during a cabinet meeting.
South Korean President Yoon Suk Yeol said he would lift the martial law declaration he imposed overnight after parliament voted to reject his declaration. Yoon declared martial law late Tuesday, vowing to eliminate ‘anti-state’ forces.
The liberal opposition Democratic Party, which holds a majority in the 300-seat parliament, said Wednesday that its lawmakers decided to call on Yoon to quit immediately or they would take steps to impeach him.
“President Yoon Suk Yeol’s martial law declaration was a clear violation of the constitution. It didn’t abide by any requirements to declare it,” the Democratic Party said in a statement. “His martial law declaration was originally invalid and a grave violation of the constitution. It was a grave act of rebellion and provides perfect grounds for his impeachment.”
Impeaching him would require support from two-thirds of the parliament, or 200 of its 300 members. The Democratic Party and other small opposition parties together have 192 seats. But when the parliament rejected Yoon’s martial law declaration in a 190-0 vote, about 10 lawmakers from Yoon’s ruling People Power Party cast ballots supporting the rejection, according to National Assembly officials.
If Yoon is impeached, he’ll be stripped of his constitutional powers until the Constitutional Court can rule on his fate. Prime Minister Han Duck-soo, the No. 2 position in the South Korean government, would take over his presidential responsibilities.
Yoon’s martial law declaration was the first of its kind in more than 40 years. It hearkened to South Korea’s past military-backed governments, when authorities occasionally proclaimed martial law and other decrees that allowed them to station combat soldiers, tanks and armoured vehicles on streets or at public places like schools to prevent anti-government demonstrations. Such scenes of military intervention had not been seen since South Korea achieved a genuine democracy in the late 1980s until Tuesday night.
“It’s a shocking development. There’s no other way to describe it,” said Vina Nadjibulla, vice-president of research and strategy with the Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada.
Jeremy Chan, senior analyst for China and Northeast Asia at Eurasia Group, says South Korean President’s Yoon Suk Yeol’s tenure is likely at risk after lawmakers including members of his own party unanimously rejected his declaration of martial law. Yoon’s term was set to end in 2027, but he is likely to face direct impeachment articles in the coming weeks, Chan says.
Nadjibulla said it was “important to note” there is no immediate threat from North Korea that might have influenced the president’s choice.
“At least, that’s not the reason why this has happened,” she told CBC News Network on Tuesday.
“This is very much about a domestic power struggle and a deeply unpopular president essentially bringing in this measure in the midst of a number of debates in its domestic parliament on the budget as well as scandals — including with his own wife — and other issues that have been plaguing democracy and the constitutional system in South Korea for the last few months.”
Vina Nadjibulla, vice-president of research and strategy at the Asia Pacific Foundation of Canada, called the South Korean president’s declaration of martial law a ‘shocking development’ that speaks to domestic issues and the challenges of a ‘deeply unpopular’ president.
After Yoon’s declaration, troops carrying full battle gear, including assault rifles, tried to keep protesters away from the National Assembly as military Blackhawk helicopters flew overhead and landed nearby. One soldier pointed his assault rifle at a woman who was among protesters outside the building demanding that the martial law be lifted.
It wasn’t clear how the 190 lawmakers were able to enter a parliamentary hall to vote down Yoon’s martial law decree. Some reportedly climbed over walls, and while troops and police officers blocked some from entering they didn’t aggressively restrain or use force against others.
No major violence has been reported. The troops and police personnel were later seen leaving the ground of the National Assembly after the parliamentary vote to lift the martial law. National Assembly Speaker Woo Won-shik said, “Even with our unfortunate memories of military coups, our citizens have surely observed the events of today and saw the maturity of our military.”
Han Dong-hoon, leader of the ruling People Power Party, demanded that Yoon explain his decision and fire Defence Minister Kim Yong-hyun, who he said recommended the martial law decree to Yoon. The Defence Ministry has not commented.
Under South Korea’s constitution, the president can declare martial law during “wartime, war-like situations or other comparable national emergency states” that require the use of military force to restrict the freedom of press, assembly and other rights to maintain order. Many observers questioned whether South Korea is currently in such a state.
The constitution also states that the president must oblige when the National Assembly demands the lifting of martial law with a majority vote.
In Washington, the White House said the U.S. was “seriously concerned” by the events in Seoul. A spokesperson for the National Security Council said U.S. President Joe Biden’s administration was not notified in advance of the martial law announcement and was in contact with the South Korean government.
Pentagon spokesperson Maj. Gen. Pat Ryder said there was no effect on the more than 27,000 U.S. service members based in South Korea.
In Seoul, the streets seemed busy like a normal day. Tourist Stephen Rowan, from Brisbane, Australia, who was touring Gyeongbokgung Palace, said he wasn’t concerned at all.
“But then again, I don’t understand too much about the political status in Korea,” he said. “But I hear they are now calling for the current president’s resignation, so … apparently there’s going to be a lot of demonstrations … I would have been concerned if martial law had stayed enforced.”
Supporters of South Korea’s opposition gathered in Seoul to call for the dismissal of martial law after a declaration from the country’s president late Tuesday.
Yoon’s government and ruling party have been embroiled in an impasse with the Democratic Party over next year’s budget bill and a Democratic Party-led attempt to to impeach three top prosecutors.
During his televised announcement, Yoon also described the opposition as “shameless pro-North Korean anti-state forces who are plundering the freedom and happiness of our citizens.” He did not elaborate. North Korea has no immediate comments.
Natalia Slavney, research analyst at the Stimson Center’s 38 North website that focuses on Korean affairs, said Yoon’s imposition of martial law was “a serious backslide of democracy” that followed a “worrying trend of abuse” since he took office in 2022.
South Korea “has a robust history of political pluralism and is no stranger to mass protests and swift impeachments,” Slavney said, citing the example of former president Park Geun-hye, who was ousted from office and imprisoned for bribery and other crimes in 2017. She was later pardoned.
